Disease Process Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Health Essay

This assignment will discourse the pathophysiology of a disease procedure of chronic clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) . It will besides demo how biological, psychological and the societal facets of the disease that can hold an affect on an person ‘s twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours life. COPD stands for chronic clogging pneumonic disease. This is a term used for a figure of conditions ; including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. COPD leads to damaged air passages in the lungs, doing them to go narrower and doing it harder for air to acquire in and out of the lungs. The word ‘chronic ‘ agencies that the job is long-run. COPD is a status which chiefly affects people over the age of 40, and COPD has a higher prevalence happening among adult females than work forces ( NHS-Choices, 2008 ) . COPD is besides a status that is long term and incurable that can hold a serious affects on wellness and quality of life, its non to the full understood why COPD develops. ( Marieb, 2003 ) . The pupil will besides integrate local and national wellness and societal policies, including models that are in topographic point in relation to the patients unwellness. The pupil identified a patient named Mrs J. She was admitted to hospital due to aggravation of COPD. Her primary diagnosing is Osteoarthritis of the Hip but besides had symptoms of emphysema. Mrs J is a 55 twelvemonth old adult females and is married, Mrs J be sides has an older kid whom she has become rather dependent on and felt like she had impacted on her kid ‘s life and had become a hinderances. Mrs J has become more dyspneic as her status develops over clip and more so while she was lying in bed unable to transport out her day-to-day activities such as making the housekeeping, leisure activities, besides looking after her visual aspect as she usually would hold done at place. COPD is going one of the fastest prima causes of disablement ( NHS picks, 2008 ) . Harmonizing to British Lung Foundation, ( 2010 ) a recent study, 83 % of COPD patients said their COPD slows them down, 79 % said they had to cut down their activities and 56 % said their status has a great affect on their households. COPD is the most common respiratory conditions in grownups in the developed universe and poses an tremendous load to society both in footings of direct cost to the health care services and indirect costs to society through loss of productivene ss. Recent analysis estimated that National Health Service ( NHS ) spends ?818 million yearly in the United Kingdom ( UK ) . ( British Thoracic Society, 2006 ) . However 50 % of the cost is accounted for by ill managed aggravations ensuing in frequent re-admissions to infirmary ( Coakley & A ; Ruston, 2001 ) . Mrs J status would of been triggered by her heavy smoke, the toxins from her coffin nails has made her bronchioles ( airway and lungs ) become inflamed and contracting the air passage, this will take to irreversible harm to the respiratory system by blockading the bronchial air flow and impeding gaseous exchange within the air sac ( Munden, J, 2007 ) . Mrs J suffers from many symptoms due to her smoking these include shortness of breath, a relentless cough, xanthous green phlegm, marks of cyanosis to her lips, besides Mrs J has continued to smoke as she thinks the harm has already been done so her status. The huge bulk of COPD patients are tobacco users. By halting smoking patients can decelerate the rate of diminution in lung map and therefore better the patient ‘s chances in footings of symptoms and endurance. The National Institute of Clinical Excellence counsel on COPD provinces that â€Å" All patients still smoking, irrespective of age, should be encouraged to halt, and offered aid to make so, at every chance. † These present a little dosage of medical specialty to the lungs, doing the air passage musculuss to open up. Bronchodilators are besides effectual in forestalling over-expansion of the lungs. Short-acting beta2-agonists are the most normally used short moving bronchodilaors for COPD. Their effects last for approximately 4 hours. Short-acting antichloinergics are besides used as bronchodilators. Long-acting beta2-agonists are similar to the short-acting agonists described above but their consequence lasts for 12 hours. Lomg-acting anti-cholinergics need merely be taken one time a twenty-four hours. The NICE counsel recommends that short-acting bronchodilators should be used for the initial intervention for shortness of breath and exercising restriction and goes on to state that, if this is n't holding an consequence so the intervention should be intensified utilizing eith Er a long-acting bronchodilator or a combined therapy with a short moving beta2-agonist and a short-acting anticholinergic The respiratory system is the major portion for gases exchange to take topographic point, it allows takes the air that enters are organic structures when we inhale and travels through the respiratory system, interchanging O for C dioxide and expels C dioxide when we exhale ( munden, J, 2007 ) . In the NHS there is a tool to cipher the smoke burden and the battalions in a twelvemonth this tool is called smoking battalion tool, this was used to see the harm that Mrs J had caused by smoking for so many old ages. This is because the earnestness of the disease depends on how much and how long the person has smoked for. Mrs J has been smoking now for 45 old ages and on a mean twenty-four hours holding up to 40 coffin nails a twenty-four hours and is non prepared to discontinue as she feels the harm is already done. Mrs J fumes for comfort and feels that its all for her pleasance, she has become really stray, her chronic bronchitis makes her breathless when making actives and is non able to make her day-to-day activities hence is going depressed. Make this holding a immense impact on her mental and societal parts of her life. Patients with COPD have traditionally been divided intoA pink puffersA andA bluish bloatersA based on their physiological response to abnormal blood gases.A The former work hard to keep a normal pO2A which is why they puff off. They tend to hold a barrel-shaped, hyperinflated thorax and breath through pursed lips. The latter are bluish because of hypoxia and polycythaemia. They are frequently corpulent and have H2O keeping. This is why they are bloated. TheA bluish bloatersA are dependent upon hypoxia for their respiratory thrust and to give O and strip them of this will take to signficantA hypercapniaA and acerb base instability. Although this construct is widely taught and acknowledged academically, in clinical pattern patients tend non to be clearly in one or the other of these two classs ( NICE Clinical Guideline ( 2004 ) Patients like Mrs J with airflow restriction clinically they have become known as ‘pink blowfishs ‘ and ‘blue bloaters ‘ ( Kleinschmidt, 2008 ) . Mrs J falls under the term ‘blue bloaters ‘ as she linked to chronic bronchitis due to cyanosis which is a bluish touch to the lips, which occurs from hapless gas exchange. ‘pink blowfishs ‘ has been linked to emphysema as the patients may be demoing marks of weight loss, utilizing their accoutrement musculuss with pursed lips giving them a ruddy skin color, they may besides follow the tripod sitting place ( Kleinschmidt, 2008 ) . Although these conditions separate the patient may show with little fluctuations of them both, nevertheless they do distinguish through their implicit in procedure, marks and symptoms ( Bellamy & A ; Booker, 2004 ) . Air passages and air pouch within the lungs are manfully elastic, with the air we breath the lungs change form with inspiration they expand and return to the normal form after they have been stretched with air. Mucociliary clearance is an of import primary innate defence mechanism that protects the lungs from hurtful effects of inhaled pollutants, allergens, and pathogens. Mucociliary disfunction is a common characteristic of chronic air passage diseases in worlds. The mucociliary setup consists of three functional compartments, that is, the cilia, a protective mucous secretion bed, and an airway surface liquid ( ASL ) bed, which work in concert to take inhaled atoms from the lung. The nose and rhinal pit are composed of ciliated columnar epithelial tissue cells which contain goblet cells and cilia, the goblet cells are responsible for releasing mucous secretion which is able to pin down the finer atoms from inspired air and the cilia which are all right hairs that can pin down larger atoms. The cilia carry ‘s the atoms by a sweeping gesture this is swept to the oral cavity or intrude where it can so be swallowed, coughed or sneezed out of the organic structure in order to forestall these atoms from come ining the lungs ( Munden, J, 2007 ) . The two major beginnings of mucous secretion secernment in the respiratory piece of land are the surface epithelial goblet cells and mucose cells. In lungs, goblet cells are present in the big bronchial tube, going progressively thin toward the bronchioles. The submucosal secretory organs are restricted to the big air passages with their denseness diminishing with airway quality. In chronic respiratory diseases, such as COPD and asthma, submucosal secretory organs addition in size ( hypertrophy ) , and the figure of goblet cells is increased ( hyperplasia ) , going more dense in the peripheral air passages, via a phenotypic transition of nongoblet epithelial cells ( metaplasia ) ( Rogers, 1994 ; Jackson, 2001 ) . The increased of goblet cells denseness to ciliated cells in the bronchioles, under the conditions of hypersecretion, this impairs clearance of mucous secretion. Lung histology from patients affected by COPD and asthma besides shows the presence of hydrops, which can further cut down airway quality and via media lung map. A pronounced airway infiltration of macrophages and granulocytes is besides present, chiefly neutrophils in COPD and eosinophils in asthma ( Postma and Kerstjens, 1998 ) . In clinical surveies, these inflammatory parametric quantities have been shown to correlate with a decrease in lung map ( FEV1 ) and an overdone bronchoconstriction [ airway hyperreactivity ( AHR ) ] to nonspecific stimulations ( Postma and Kerstjens, 1998 ) . Smoking has many effects on the air passages. Inhaled fume destroys the cilia that are of import for traveling mucous secretion to the pharynx for get downing. As a consequence, mucous secretion accumulates in the bronchioles and irritates the sensitive tissues at that place, doing a cough. Coughing is critical as it is the lone manner tobacco users can take mucous secretion from their lungs and maintain the air passages clean ( Rubin, 2002 ) . This is characterised by the ‘smoker ‘s cough ‘ . Changeless coughing to unclutter the phlegm has an consequence on the smooth musculus of the bronchioles which becomes hypertrophied ( enlarged or overgrown ) . This in bend causes more mucus secretory organs to develop. The goblet cells are replaced within the little air passages ( bronchial tube ) with Clara cells they are another signifier of releasing cell these are of import they form ciliated cells and to assist renew the bronchiolar epithelial tissue, they produce hypophase constituent and a peptidase inhibitor these aid protect the lungs by wipe uping up dust ( Stokley et al, 2006 ) .To accomplish gas exchange the lung has two constituents ; air passages and the air sac. The air passages are two ramifying cannular transitions that allow air to travel in and out of the lungs, the wider sections of the air passages are called the windpipe and the two bronchial tube traveling to the right and left lung. The smaller sections are called the bronchioles and at the terminal of the bronchioles are the air sac which are thin walled pouch like a clump of grapes ; little blood vass ( capillaries ) run in the walls of the air sac this is where gas exchange between air and blood takes topographic point. ( Matterporth & A ; Matfin, 2009 ) . Rogers, 1994 ; Jackson, 2001 Chronic clogging pneumonic disease, NICE Clinical Guideline ( 2004 ) ; A Management of chronic clogging pneumonic disease in grownups in primary and secondary attention COPD. BMJ Clinical Evidence.A www.clinicalevidence.com, accessed 10 June 2009 Textbook of Medical Physiology ( 10th edition ) Guyton, A.C. and Hall, J.E. ( 2000 ) W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia ; London. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease ; September 2005. Britton M ; The load of COPD in the U.K. : consequences from the Confronting COPD study. ; A Respir Med.2003 Mar ; 97 Suppl C: S71-9. [ abstract ] Chronic clogging pneumonic disease, NICE Clinical Guideline ( 2004 ) ; A Management of chronic clogging pneumonic disease in grownups in primary and secondary attention Lacasse Y, Goldstein R, Lasserson TJ, et Al ; Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic clogging pneumonic disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18 ; ( 4 ) : CD003793. [ abstract ] Barr RG, Bourbeau J, Camargo CA, et Al ; Inhaled tiotropium for stable chronic clogging pneumonic disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18 ; ( 2 ) : CD002876

Impact and Benefits of Telecommunication Technology Essay

The emergence of what has been termed the â€Å"information age† is in large part characterized by the presence of real-time communications technologies. Telecommunications technologies are in operation continuously and in virtually all parts of the world. Telecommunications infrastructure is an important facilitator of economic growth and may be important to some level of social development in the world system. Technology does not create new ages, but the people who use the technology have the potential to forge new economic and social conditions (Goleniewski, and Jarrett, 2006). As this new information age emerges from the ashes of the industrial revolution in many areas of the world, new ways of production emerge. Previously non-existent factors are prominent in the new digital age. In general, technology has always been thought of as an important aspect of production and driver of economic growth, but telecommunications technology is sometimes overlooked as an initiator of development. This paper will explore the impact of telecommunications infrastructures and use of the videoconferencing development in Education, Healthcare and Business. Telecommunication Technologies in Organizations Organizations appear to be evolving toward new forms such as virtual organizations, spherical organizations, dynamic network organizations and network organizations (Hinterhuber and Levin, 1994). These forms may be a response to changing environmental conditions. An important characteristic of these forms organizations is distributed collaboration (i.e., work spread across personnel in many locations). The use of information technology in support of these forms is on the rise (Lucas and Baroudi, 1994). With the widespread usage of electronic communication facilities such as: facsimile, electronic mail, teleconferencing and videoconferencing, physical-meeting places are becoming less of a necessity (Goleniewski, and Jarrett, 2006). Additionally, telecommuting, or working from home using computer communications that started in the 1980s has gained momentum with improved support in recent years, and this has also limits the need for physical meeting places. In addition, federal laws (e.g. Clean Air Act of 1990) require businesses employing more than one hundred employees in one location to reduce their employees commute time (Venkatesh and Vitalari, 1992). Information and communication technologies are the tools to run all business activities. The introduction of new technologies is expected to have dynamic ramifications on the methods organizations do business (Remenyi, 2000). This close interaction between information technologies and business operations makes it very difficult to predict the full range of possible benefits impact of the technology implementation. Some aspects of real-time communication systems as computer-mediated communication and videoconferencing may produce tangible benefits that directly improve the performance of groups in the organizations (Goleniewski, and Jarrett, 2006). The direct benefits of real-time communication systems stem from: 1) Reduce work delays and incidents of rework due to fast response from information sources, increased information availability, or reduced ambiguity in existing information; 2) Improve quality of work due to timely and better decision making, clearer instructions, and reduced ambiguity in information; 3) Time savings for contractor and engineer due to decreased need for submission of formal requests for information (RFI’s); 4) Considerable savings in costs related to travel to attend meetings or to resolve issues. On the other hand, telecommunication technologies may produce several intangible improvements in the general work environment. Those benefits are more difficult to measure, however, they may have critical impact on project success (Remenyi, 2000). Teleconferencing Teleconferencing, defined as groups of people communicating electronically between locations separated by distance and/or time, is a technology that has become beneficial for education, healthcare and business. It can be an effective tool for conducting important decision-making or problem solving meetings that might not otherwise be held. It can reduce unproductive travel time, optimize attendance and access to scarce talent, and provide an excellent education and training medium. In other words, teleconferencing can significantly increase productivity and efficiency, can improve management communications at all levels, and can significantly enhance business opportunities when used appropriately (Johansen, 1984, p. 20). Teleconferencing is a broad term encompassing four basic types of communication: audioconferencing, conferencing, computer conferencing and videoconferencing. Each of these areas of concern can and has been integrated within a single teleconferencing system. Videoconferencing To many users, the term teleconferencing means only videoconferencing. Videoconferencing is one form of teleconferencing, and a form of teleconferencing that allows geographically separate conferees to see and hear each other. Videoconferencing can be divided into the following categories: still video, interactive motion video, and one-way broadcast video (Johansen, 1984, pp. 21-3). Videoconferencing images are transmitted over a variety of telecommunications networks including the telephone network, a compressed digital network of transmission capacity and analog networks using terrestrial or satellite systems. Videoconferencing systems can be categorized as: still video, T1 video, fiber optics, analog baseband and/or direct broadcast satellite systems (Wilcox, 2000, pp.7-9). Impact and Benefits of Videoconferencing Since videoconferencing can encompass all forms of teleconferencing, it was selected as the focus for this paper. Videoconferencing is important to the fields of education, business, healthcare because it can offer a cost effective way of imparting the message to consumers who might not otherwise have an opportunity to receive valuable information. Often, because of monetary constraints, educators complain that they are unable to offer courses to all students who want to take them. If the situation is one in which there are only a few subject matter experts, but a large number of willing students, time often inhibits the educator’s ability to reach all interested students (Wilcox, 2000). On the other hand, in many states due to geographic size, all students cannot be reached. Many must travel great distances to obtain an education on a campus environment or forgo the education. There are also situations where, due to accidents or ill health, students are unable to attend classes. Videoconferencing can present a cost effective means to reach a large, possibly remote, audience and impart a simultaneous message (Johansen, 1984). In business, videoconferencing has been used to increase productivity and efficiency, improve management communications, and make better use of scarce talent. Education can be viewed as business-students provide revenue-institutions are competitively seeking to increase revenue by expanding enrollments. Like business, institutions of higher learning need to find innovative ways to increase enrollment, limit administrative costs and improve the quality of their product –education (Wilcox, 2000). Videoconferencing was originally promoted as an alternative to traditional face-to-face meetings, and as a means for an organization to save money in travel expenses for employees, however the benefits have gone far beyond travel savings. Videoconferencing changes the way organizations communicate. More efficient meetings can be conducted, since access to people and information is easier, and information can be communicated to as many people as need to hear the message. The potential for higher quality decision-making is greater because the opportunity exists for greater access to needed decision-makers. Videoconferencing improves and expedites the flow of information so that an organization can respond quickly to business opportunities and customer problems. Meetings tend to be more focused, reducing extraneous talk. The time intervals that occur between information processing, decision-making and implementing action is greatly reduced, which can improve an organization’s competitive action in the market (Combs, 1990). Problem definition is easier when videoconferencing is implemented, as projects can be monitored from beginning to end. Videoconferencing enables organizations to maximize use of subject matter experts, whose talents may be required by many departments of an organization. Videoconferencing is currently being utilized by a number of institutions in Education, Healthcare and Business. The examples cited below utilize a variety of organizations and applications for videoconferencing. Education, Healthcare and Business Organizations Using Videoconferencing In 1977, the Central Maine Interactive Telecommunications System (CMITS) was started to facilitate exchange of educational information among seven health care institutions. CMITS provides motion videoconferencing with educational programming for health professionals. An emphasis was placed on planning education programs, rather than producing shows. The CMITS experience led to the establishment of the Aroostook County Telecommunications System (ACTS). The interconnection between CMITS and ACTS allows members to share educational programs within the state. The systems are also members of the Association of Hospital Television Networks, a national consortium of 30 regional television networks providing educational services to staff and patients at over 900 hospitals nationwide (Niemiec, 1980). In 1969, Dartmouth Medical School set up INTERACT, a two-way video link between two hospitals for communication between health care professionals. The system was later expanded to provide continuing education, assistance to rural physicians, and engineering courses. The system is currently being marketed to a larger user base, including businesses in surrounding communities. The network director, Bill Loftus advises other groups who might be using videoconferencing that content is the key. Expansion of network uses is the next step. The system provides another example of the adoption and usage of videoconferencing. It also demonstrates how organizations can work together to mutually benefit from the adoption and usage of videoconferencing technology (Gold, 1985, pp. 79-84). The ability of videoconferencing technology to bring together urban and rural parts of the state of Minnesota in an interactive two-way environment was key to the high rating and acceptability of videoconferencing in a pilot project at the University of Minnesota. The general reaction of participants from both the Twin Cities and Morris locations was one of enthusiasm for the potential of the technology to bring groups together over distance for matters and issues of common concern (Peltz and Kolomeychuk, 1992, p. 98). There are a number of organizations which have adopted videoconferencing and have studied the need for the technology and its usage once installed. The following businesses are examples of firms that have conducted studies either prior to or after implementation to assess the need for and effectiveness of videoconferencing. The Boeing Company, headquartered in Seattle, Washington, began using videoconferencing in 1979 in order to meet a compressed release schedule on the introduction of the 757 aircraft. A system that began as a novel solution to a specific problem has evolved into a highly productive method of doing business. In five years, over 5,900 Boeing videoconferences have been attended by more than 160,000 employees, avoiding 1.6 million travel miles in the Puget Sound area alone (Whaley, 1986, pp. 113-120). Atlantic Richfield (ARCO) began using videoconferencing in the early 1980s to allow employees to effectively communicate with one another, even though physically separated. ARCO did not know who the active users would be or what applications would be developed, and therefore, decided to conduct ongoing research regarding the adoption and usage of videoconferencing. Research was conducted by interviewing potential users before, during and after implementation and usage of videoconferencing. The â€Å"success† of videoconferencing has in large part been achieved by generating a comprehensive data base of potential users. The research program resulted in a system uniquely tailored to ARCO’s needs, and therefore, employees feel a sense of ownership and involvement in system design and evolution (Ruchinskas and Svenning, 1984, pp. 166 -173). Pratt and Whitney began using Eagle Vision II, a motion videoconferencing system, in March, 1986. The final system design reflects a combination of operational requirements established through internal research into meeting characteristics and travel patterns. Pratt and Whitney believes it was only successful because considerable time and effort were spent in understanding the requirements, applications and needs of its users before a system was developed and implemented (Truesdale, 1985, pp. 128 -139). Martin Marietta, a technology intensive corporation engaged in design, manufacture, and integration of systems and products in the aerospace, defense, electronics, and information and data management fields, tested and evaluated audiographics conferencing, still frame videoconferencing and motion videoconferencing to determine if teleconferencing was feasible to support company communications. Martin Marietta also wanted to determine what types of meetings and what level of participants would use teleconferencing. During a 90 day pilot program of motion videoconferencing, Martin Marietta conducted close to 100 conferences with approximately 75% using the standard conference room to conference room configuration. As a result of the pilot program, Martin Marietta decided to implement a motion videoconferencing system with several sites in order to improve overall corporate communications (McKinny, 1986, pp. 367 – 371). Patrick Combs of Levi Strauss states that â€Å"for videoconferencing to be successful, it must achieve widespread adoption and effective use. By allowing users to try out videoconferencing in a relaxed environment, without expectations, the videophone made the conferencing concept less intimidating, and encouraged adoption† (Combs, 1990, pp. 100). Levi Strauss trialed the use of â€Å"videophones† (inexpensive, desktop videoconferencing units that use normal dial-up phone lines and personal computers) to determine how readily users would utilize the technology if it were easy to use. The conclusion was that â€Å"videoconferencing’s successful adoption within an organization is dependent on more than just the hardware. Successful adoption also depends on how accessible the technology is to its users† (Combs, 1990, pp. 100-103). Conclusion Because a communications network assists in the interaction of individuals it can be essential to knowledge creation. These networks will facilitate an economic and social development; they are to the information age what railroads were to the industrial age. Telecommunications like videoconferencing, therefore, to play a large part in how these networks evolve, and thus will impact the creation of knowledge in the future. In the past, telecommunications policy has been primarily focused on physical infrastructure. In the information age, it has become apparent that managers and policy-makers must enlarge their focus to emphasize the information side of telecommunications. It is not the creation of the infrastructure itself that will be the major source of profitability, but rather the exploitation of the infrastructure to create knowledge.

History of Eastern United States Coast Barrier Islands Research Paper

History of Eastern United States Coast Barrier Islands - Research Paper Example The Native Americans first occupied these barrier islands. They were later taken over by the European settlers for their recreational and touristic pursuits. However, they have diminished in size and retreated in the past years due to rising sea level, diminishing sediment, storms, and human interference. Extensive human settlement in these areas has raised concerns regarding the loss of habitat. Although vulnerable, these barrier islands are very important economically, serving as areas for tourist development, the source of food, and employment. (Keywords: barrier islands, rising sea level, storms) Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 Barrier Islands 4 Types of Barrier Systems 5 Formation of Barrier Islands 7 The Historical Changes in the Mississippi-Alabama Barrier Islands 9 Retreating and Diminishing In Size of the Gulf Coast Barrier Islands 9 Activities on Eastern United States Coast Barrier Islands 11 The Importance of the Eastern United States Coast Barrier Islands 12 References 15 History of Eastern United States Coast Barrier Islands Barrier Islands Barrier islands are defined as thin linear mobile strips of sand measuring up to around 10 – 15 metres (30 – 50 feet) above the sea level. They usually create chains situated a number of miles offshore alongside the many passive margins. The back barrier region separates the barrier island from the mainland and shallow bays, marshes, estuaries, or lagoons usually occupy it. Barriers are created by the vertical accumulation of the sand from wind and waves action. Barrier islands are called so because they signify the shoreline natural protection from the forces of tsunamis, tides, currents, and waves from the core ocean. However, the majority of the barrier islands have been turned into resort-type living and beautiful beaches (Kusky 2008, 5). The development of the barrier islands characterizes one of the most dangerous trends in the coastal zones. This is because barriers are jutt ed mobile strips of sand moving in response to the changing storms, tides, coastal currents, and sea levels. Storms are able to move the complete sandy substrate out from the underneath of the tall buildings. Kusky (2008, 6) states that â€Å"the size of barrier islands ranges from narrow and discontinuous strips of sand that may be only a few hundred feet wide, too large islands that extend many miles across and also in length.† The length and the width are calculated from the existing amount of sediment and the balance between the tidal and wave energy. Majority of the barriers are built from sand (sand from the eroded coastal cliffs, deposited by rivers along the delta systems or sand left from the glaciations). Barrier islands are supposed to be discontinuous to permit water from the tidal changes to get back to the sea along the tidal inlets systems (Kusky 2008, 6). The sub-environments of barrier islands are classified the same as those of beaches. These sub-environment s include barrier interior, landward interior, and the beach. The beach face of the barrier is the most vibrant section of the island. It absorbs energy from the tides and waves and responds much like the mainland beaches. The beach backside of many barrier islands are marked by a foredune ridge or along frontal, followed landward by the secondary dunes.

What do managers do Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What do managers do - Essay Example They have many duties and some can be detailed as below. For a company to be successful, the manager needs to set many goals and objective which it needs to achieve during a period of time. Setting objectives is an important duty of a manager. From the top level management to the lower level management setting objectives is an important task of manager. It is not a simple task and need lot of thinking, analysis, experience of business and knowledge. The objective is set to describe the desired outcome of a business activity. A manager as a part of setting objective outlines the goals and tasks to his subordinates. The objectives need to be set after considering many factors related to business. A manager need to consider the resources, capital and manpower of the company to set objective. As per Riley( 2012) â€Å"A popular way to look at objectives is to see them as part of a hierarchy of forward-looking terms which help set and shape the strategy of a business†. Organizing the business activities of a company is a significant part of manager’s job. The manager divides the activities in to manageable manner and selects people which suit each task. A manager must make efficient use to time to achieve goals as per set objective. In order to organize activities, the manager has to plan in ahead of time. Breaking down major task in to smaller activities and assigning them to right employees organizes the work of a business. As per Matista( 2013) â€Å"While getting organized requires some diligence, your company will benefit significantly in the long run†. A manager has the responsibility of motivating his employees. Employees need motivation and encouragement from time to time and it is the duty of the manager to do so. Manager can motivate an employee in many ways like promotions; increase in salary and by awarding certificates. According to Alexander (2013) â€Å"One of the best ways to lay the groundwork for future motivation is to acknowledge

Edit the google part and make the conclusion more longer Essay

Edit the google part and make the conclusion more longer - Essay Example Some may argue that they used unorthodox methods in order to get to their status. This is because by innovating new ways of management, they succeeded in doing the unthinkable. Google "asked 45 year olds for their GPAs" (Lashinsky, 2008); Apple tied its proprietary software with its proprietary hardware (Kahney, 2008), and SEMCO eliminated time clocks for employees (Semler, 1989). In this essay, we will study the different methods these companies run, and how it has made them successful. We will also suggest how these same systems can become an eventual detriment. We will give a review of each from articles and will make connections between them. In the article How Apple Got Everything Right by Doing Everything Wrong, a unique and old-fashioned strategy is utilized. This strategy is the main reason Apple is one of the most dominant and successful start-up companies in the market. Steve Jobs is the spokesperson for Apple and is featured as the â€Å"evil genius.† Furthermore, Steve Jobs is not just a public face, but instead, he is the brains behind a vast majority of Apple’s innovative ideas and operations of the company. Apple has expressed great entrepreneurial merits by envisioning the gaps in the market. These gaps represent the difference between what the market needs and Apple’s current product offerings. The company intends to do this without attempting to copy from the existing companies. This includes creating new categories that have become must-have products. Apple has been operating in a highly challenging market where it is constantly exposed to intense competition and close imitation. For this reason, Apple formulated a strict security of the development of their products. Often the team members of Apple were unaware of the outcome of the product design. The product design of Apple is rapidly changing, which creates product obsolescence and interdependence between hardware, software, and internet applications— these are some

Keeshig-Tobias's and his love for boxing Research Paper

Keeshig-Tobias's and his love for boxing - Research Paper Example   Boxing was his life as he sought to beat the world. Nevertheless, boxing meant something else for Keeshig-Tobias. She knew of her father boxing at a young age and she was not convinced as to why her father was into boxing despite his age, family commitments, and lack of earnings from the sport. Keeshig-Tobias's father was a young man who struggled with his family and was loved and hated by his family in equal measure. His family and especially his daughter Keeshig-Tobias struggled to understand him to no avail. He was a man of mixed feelings and his love for boxing was a mystery.Keeshig-Tobias learnt something as he grew more mature that changed her relationship with her father. She learned that her father was actually fighting the world and had nothing to mistreat them. She learned that it was out of struggles that he behaves in an undefined manner and that she cannot engage him behind his back but must face him (Lanette 285). After learning this, their relationship changed trem endously in that she started practicing boxing also, they started talking, they opened up to one another, and they understood and trusted each other. It is arguably true that what Keeshig-Tobias experiences with her father are not unique. Indeed, many families are in the same situation where children cannot understand the lives of their parents as they struggle to sustain their families. However, as seen in this story, with time, it all comes out clear and families can relate at ease when the children mature.   

In Pursuit of an Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In Pursuit of an Education - Essay Example The modern society is experiencing a sharp decline in higher education. The significant decline is often accrued to a number of factors such as the high fees, prevalent student debt coupled with the declining financial and educational returns. Arguably, the societal perception regarding education has changed with a significant number fostering the belief that education is not a good investment. The present education policy also fails to attract qualified, motivated teachers thus limiting the quality of education (Gordon â€Å"The Great Stagnation†). Resultantly, the decline in higher education is a compelling problem in the community that poses a serious threat to the society. The decline in higher education is problematic as it negatively impacts the country’s economy, development, and societal well-being. First, students who are unable to complete their education tend to end up with lower wages. Furthermore, students who end up failing to complete their education end up unable to break even in terms of student debt. Overall, the failure to achieve quality education limits the country’s ability to compete successfully on a global scale. Consequentially, the global position of the country declines as it is unable to compete in terms of technological advancements and development in every aspect of life. In the speech, the 1st lady point out that it is through education that individuals can participate as full citizens of the country (Obama 288). This is because education increases the opportunity for a better job.

Globalization and International Financial Management Research Paper

Globalization and International Financial Management - Research Paper Example Factors such as relative interest rate, real interest rate, relative income level and other government controls are few which affect the determination of exchange rate. Governments all across the globe vigilantly monitor their exchange rates and actively make the direct and indirect intervention for control purposes. Measuring the change in the exchange rate is easier as compared to evaluating the intricacy of the factors responsible for it. In order to analyze the cause and effect of a change in exchange rate, the concept of exchange rate equilibrium can be utilized. The concept is based on the basics of the law of demand and supply. Like a commodity, the foreign currency is also traded in markets where their exchange rates are determined based on the current demand and supply of that particular currency in the global economy. In order to grasp the concept, let us take two currencies into comparison: United States Dollar ($) and Euro (â‚ ¬). The exchange rate of Euro will be dete rmined by the conditions of demand and supply of the currency in Europe. In addition, the demand for Euro in the United States will also be a major factor in determining the exchange rate of the currency. ... Inflation rate holds significance in determining the spot exchange rate of a country. Inflation rate casts direct impacts on the trading activity of a country. Higher inflation in one country would cause its goods to become less desirable in other parts of the world and thus its exchange will deteriorate as the demand for the currency of that particular currency will decline. Interest rates are also one of the factors responsible for fluctuation in the exchange rate. Interest rate can categorize into relative interest rate and real interest rate in order to determine the effect of a change in the exchange rate as a result of its hike and decline. Considering the relative interest rate, it can be defined as the change in the interest rate of the country when compared with any ot her country. If the interest rate in country A rises while the one in country B remains constant, the investors in the country in A will deter from demanding the currency of country B as for them it is much more lucrative to invest in country A as it offers higher interest rates. Similarly, for investors in country B, it is much more desirable to invest in country A. The investors in country B will then resort to selling their currency in order to obtain the currency of country A. Result, the exchange rate of the country A will escalate when compared with that of country B. This can be more intricate when the effect of change in exchange rate is taken into consideration from a global perspective. The change in the exchange rate of a third can also cause the relative exchange rate between the country A and B although their relative interest rates remain the same.

Design models of Facebook and Safari Research Paper

Design models of Facebook and Safari - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that Google Chrome and Safari belong in the category of the client/server structure as they have servers that provide services to subsystems, which are clients. Every client has known how the interface of the server looks like but the server has no use knowing how the interface of the client looks like. The response of the server to the client and vice versa is immediate. The end users do not need to be involved in any kind of interactions with the server and therefore all interactions are limited to the client. The client enables the user to input data into the system and then takes over the processing of the data input. The use of this kind of architecture is to enable the creation of a user-friendly application for the client. The server, on the other hand, manages the data from a centralized location and takes care of the security of the database. This model structure, however, has a flow as there is no peer to peer communication betwee n the server and the client. Peer to peer communication is a necessity in this kind of structure and often needed. Dropbox, icloud, Instagram and Google drive belong to the architectural style of peer to peer where the servers and clients can be peers and clients can be servers while at the same time servers can be clients. Microsoft PowerPoint belongs to the repository architectural style where subsystems have the ability to access and modify any data using a solitary structure called the repository.

Critiquing nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Critiquing nursing research - Essay Example In order to answer the above question the background questions were created, for example what is stress incontinence? Stress incontinence can be defined as involuntary urine loss due to sudden extra pressure, produced by activities such as sneezing, laughing, jumping or coughing. Therefore pelvic floor muscles and urethra cannot withstand the extra pressure BMJ (2009). What is the prevalence of stress incontinence? Its estimated around one in three women get SUI at some point in their lives. It can happen at any age, although its more common in women between the ages of 35 and 60 says Foldspang et al ( 1992 ) . What causes USI? Most cases of stress incontinence are due to weakened pelvic floor muscles. The common reason for the pelvic floor muscles to become weakened is childbirth, pregnancy, being overweight, hysterectomy, smoking, and menopause. Some medication can affect the pelvic floor. Examples are alpha-blockers used to treat high blood pressure, some antidepressants and sedat ives, and some muscle-relaxant drugs as quoted by BBC (2009) Another background question to conceder would be What are the current treatment available? According to BBC ( 2009) the wide range of treatments available include pelvic floor exercises, which helps to strengthened muscles by doing exercises, which prevents involuntary leakage and vaginal cones . These are small plastic cones that are put inside vagina. The cones come in a set of different weights. At first, the lightest cone has to be used. Patient has to use pelvic floor muscles to hold the cone in place. In that way patients exercise the pelvic floor muscles. Electrical stimulations include a special electrical device, which is used to stimulate the pelvic floor muscles with the aim of making them contract and become stronger. In surgery various surgical operations are used to treat stress incontinence. The operations aim to tighten or support

Study on Financial Analysis of Britannia Essay Example for Free

Study on Financial Analysis of Britannia Essay The total food production in India is likely to double in the next ten years and there is an opportunity for large investments in food and food processing technologies, skills and equipment, especially in areas of Canning, Dairy and Food Processing, Specialty Processing, Packaging, Frozen Food/Refrigeration and Thermo Processing. Fruits Vegetables, Fisheries, Milk Milk Products, Meat Poultry, Packaged/Convenience Foods, Alcoholic Beverages Soft Drinks and Grains are important sub-sectors of the food processing industry. A health food and health food supplement is another rapidly rising segment of this industry which is gaining vast popularity amongst the health conscious. India is one of the worlds major food producers but accounts for less than 1. 5 per cent of international food trade. This indicates vast scope for both investors and exporters. Food exports in 1998 stood at US $5. 8 billion whereas the world total was US $438 billion. The Indian food industries sales turnover is Rs 140,000 crore (1 crore = 10 million) annually as at the start of year 2000. The industry has the highest number of plants approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) outside the USA. Indias food processing sector covers fruit and vegetables; meat and poultry; milk and milk products, alcoholic beverages, fisheries, plantation, grain processing and other consumer product groups like confectionery, chocolates and cocoa products, Soya-based products, mineral water, high protein foods etc. We cover an exhaustive database of an array of suppliers, manufacturers, exporters and importers widely dealing in sectors like the -Food Industry, Dairy processing, Indian beverage industry etc. We also cover sectors like dairy plants, canning, bottling plants, packaging industries, process machinery etc. The most promising sub-sectors includes -Soft-drink bottling, Confectionery manufacture, Fishing, aquaculture, Grain-milling and grain-based products, Meat and poultry processing, Alcoholic beverages, Milk processing, Tomato paste, Fast-food, Ready-to-eat breakfast cereals, Food additives, flavors etc. India is one of the world’s major food producers but accounts for less than 1. 5 per cent of international food trade. This indicates vast scope for both investors and exporters. Food exports in 1998 stood at US $5. 8 billion whereas the world total was US $438 billion. The Indian food industry’s sales turnover is Rs 140,000 crore (1 crore = 10 million) annually as at the start of year 2000. The industry requires about Rs 29,000 crore in investment over the next five years to 2005 to create necessary infrastructure, expand production facilities and state-of-the-art-technology to match the international quality and standards. The office of the Agricultural Affairs of the USDA / Foreign Agricultural Services in New Delhi says that one of India’s proudest accomplishments has been achieving a tenuous self-sufficiency in food production and that the country produces a wide variety of agricultural products at prices that are at or below world values in most cases. The Indian palate is accustomed to traditional foods, mostly wheat and rice-based, rather than potato and corn-based western palate. In marketing perspective, this is considered an important factor for foreign marketers. The USDA report says initially consumer-ready food products may have to be tailored to include Indian spices and traditional ingredients. In addition to traditional tastes, there are other social factors which affect consumption in India. Hindus account for approximately 80 per cent of India’s population, and while only 25 or 30 per cent are strict vegetarians, beef slaughter is prohibited in all but two states (Kerala and West Bengal) and consumption of other meats is limited. Incidentally, India is the only country where the US-based MacDonalds sells its burgers without any beef content and even offers purely vegetarian burgers. India’s middle class segment will hold the key to success or failure of the processed food market in India. Of the country’s total population of one billion, the middle class segments account for about 350-370 million. Though a majority of families in this segment have non-working housewives or can afford hired domestic help and thus prepare foods of their taste in their own kitchens, the profile of the middle class is changing steadily and hired domestic help is becoming costlier. This is conducive to an expansion in demand for ready-to-eat Indian-style foods. India’s food processing sector covers fruit and vegetables; meat and poultry; milk and milk products, alcoholic beverages, fisheries, plantation, grain processing and other consumer product groups like confectionery, chocolates and cocoa products, Soya-based products, mineral water, high protein foods etc. According to latest official statistics, India exported processed fruits and vegetables worth Rs 5240 million in 1997-98. The horticulture production is around 102 million tones. Foreign investment since 1991, when economic liberalization started, stood at Rs 8,800 crore. Products that have growing demand, especially in the Middle East countries include pickles, chutneys, fruit pulps, canned fruits, and vegetables, concentrated pulps and juices, dehydrated vegetables and frozen fruits and vegetables. Another potential processed food product is meat and poultry products. India ranks first in world cattle population, 50 per cent of buffalo population and one-sixth of total goat population of the world. Buffalo meat is surplus in India. There is vast scope to set up modern slaughter facilities and cold store chains in meat and poultry processing sector. India’s current level of meat and meat-based exports is around Rs 8,000 million. In last six years foreign investment in this segment stood at Rs 5,000 million which is more than 50 per cent of the total investment made in this sector. Compared with meat, poultry industry has registered significant growth. India ranks fifth in the world with annual egg production of 1. 61 million tones. Both poultry and egg processing units have come in a very big way in the country. India is exporting egg powder, frozen egg yolk and albumin powder to Europe, Japan and other countries. Poultry exports are mostly to Maldives and Oman. Indian poultry meat products have good markets in Japan, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. While meat products registered a growth of 10 per cent, eggs and broilers registered 16-20 per cent growth. There are about 15 pure line and grandparent franchise projects in India. There are 115 layer and 280 broiler hatcheries producing 1. 3 million layer parents and 280 million broiler parents. They in turn supply 95 million hybrid layer and 275 million broilers, day-old chick. Presently there are only five egg powder plants in India which is considered insufficient in view of growing export demand for different kind of powder whole egg, yolk and albumen. The scope of foreign investment and state-of-the-art technology in this field is therefore tremendous. Milk and milk products is rated as one of the most promising sectors which deserves foreign investment in a big way. When the world milk production registered a negative growth of 2 per cent, India performed much better with 4 per cent growth. The total milk production is around 72 million tones and the demand for milk is estimated at around 80 million tones. By 2005, the value of Indian dairy produce is expected to be Rs 1,000,000 million. In last six years foreign investment in this sector stood at Rs 3600 million which is about one-fourth of total investment made in this sector. Manufacture of casein and lactose, largely being imported presently, has good scope. Exports of milk products have been decimalized. Grains could emerge as a major export earner for India in coming years. India’s food grains production is now at around 225-230 million tones. These include rice, jawar, bajra, maize, wheat, gram and pulses. Indian basmati rice enjoys command in the international market. Besides growing Middle East market for basmati rice, many other countries are showing interest for this food grain. In 1998-99, export of basmati and non-basmati rice stood at Rs62000 million. There is a total rice milling capacity of 186 million tons in the country. Among plantation, tea emerged as major foreign exchange earner. India is the largest producer and exporter of black tea. However, the most worrying factor for Indian tea industry is that from early next year with the implementation of tea imports into the country, India tea may face a stiff competition within the country as well, specially threat of Sri Lanka’s presence in the Indian market is looming large. The current year’s tea export prospect is not that very good in terms of forex earnings because international prices have fallen significantly this year. India exports between150-170 million kilograms of tea per annum. Of course, the scope of foreign investment in this sector is good and the multinational tea companies would either be trying for marketing joint ventures with the Indian producers or acquire stakes in Indian tea companies. There is a strong possibility of third country exports through such joint venture as quality wise still Indian teas are ruling the international market. An alcoholic beverage is another are where India witnessed substantial foreign investment. Foreign investment in this sector stood at Rs 7000 million which about 70 percent of the total investment made so far. The IMFL (Indian Made Foreign Liquor) primarily comprises wine, vodka, gin, whisky, rum and brandy. Draught beer is a comparatively recent introduction in the Indian market. The Indian beer market is estimated at Rs7000 million a year. One of the major advantages for any investor eyeing the Indian liquor market is that India offers enough raw materials like molasses, barely, maize, potatoes, grapes, yeast and hops for the industry. Yet another catchy investment sector is fisheries. There is growing canned and processed fishes from India. The marine fish include prawns, shrimps, tuna, cuttlefish, squids, octopus, red snappers, ribbon fish, mackerel, lobsters, cat fish etc. In last six years there was substantial investment in fisheries to the tune of Rs 30,000 million of which foreign investments were of the order of Rs 7000 million. The potential could be gauged by the fact that against fish production potential in the Exclusive Economic Zone of 3. 9 million tones, actual catch is to the tune of 2. 87 million tones. Harvesting from inland sources is around 2. million tones. The biggest bottleneck in expanding the food processing sector, in terms of both investment and exports, is lack of adequate infrastructure. Without a strong and dependable cold chain vital sector like food processing industry which is based mostly on perishable products cannot survive and grow. Even at current level of production, farm produce valued at Rs 70,000 million is being wasted every year only because there is no adequate storage, transp ortation, cold chain facilities and other infrastructure supports.

Pursuing Happiness Essay Example for Free

Pursuing Happiness Essay We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness All men are created equal, but are we all really treated equal? As of January 2013, nine states — Connecticut, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Vermont, and Washington — have legalized same-sex marriage. Thats a mere 5.5% of the nation, whereas countries such as Canada, Netherlands, Spain, South Africa and Sweden have already granted full marital status to same-sex couples and other countries (France, Columbia, the UK, Taiwan, etc. ) have pending bills to legalize it as well. We are a leading nation in the world, we should be setting an example. So why are we so behind on this important matter? It is hit by a number issues, many of which are religion-based. Personally, I do not follow any religion but I respect the belief of others because I wouldnt like someone to insult something I believe in and thus I wouldnt do the same to another human being. But I dont understand why they cant understand my beliefs. I believe in love. Crazy, stupid, happy love. Tell me, what is so wrong with seeing two people in love get married? Should it matter what gender they are? Just because someone is of a different sexuality than you are doesnt mean that they arent human. They have feelings just like you and I. They dont look any different from us either. These people could be your brother or sister, your uncle or aunt, your schoolmates or teachers, they could even be your best friend. Speaking of best friends, one of mine, Christian, is the reason this issue hits so close to home for me. Ive been to 6 different schools in my life and befriended many people but Ive never really been open about myself in any of them. But with Christian and our other best friend, Nardos, there were no secrets. I remember the day Christian came out of the closet to us as clearly as if it were yesterday, I recall him blushing when we asked if he liked anyone and gushing over his crush of five years. Someday, I hope to see him in a relationship with someone and as maddeningly happy as he was that day. I hope to see him get married, to see him be happy. I hope that someday hell be able to come out to a world that judges him less on love than who he loves and more on who he is. Sadly, I doubt that day will come anytime soon. That isnt to say that it will never come. I mean, interracial marriage was illegal in the US till anti-miscegenation laws (laws that banned interracial marriage, cohabitation and sex) were declared unconstitutional in 1967. Doesnt it seem ridiculous to you that it took a supreme court decision to define that it was alright for two people of different races to love and marry each other? Well, thats how it seems to me with same-sex marriage.

Copolymerization of Styrene and a Cyclic Peptide

Copolymerization of Styrene and a Cyclic Peptide Putting peptides into the backbone chain of polyolefins: the radical copolymerization of styrene and a cyclic peptide containing the disulfide bond Anja C. Paulya, Daniel Rentschb and Fabio di Lena*a. Supporting Information ABSTRACT: For the first time, a vinyl monomer such as styrene has been radically copolymerized with a cyclic peptide containing the disulfide bond. A new class of bio-hybrids is obtained in which the amino acid sequence is statistically distributed within the polymer’s backbone chain. The structure of the copolymer has been confirmed by means of conventional as well as diffusion-edited 1H NMR, MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry, FT-IR spectroscopy, TGA, DSC, and a series of control experiments. With the aim to combine the advantageous properties of biological macromolecules such as, for example, the biological function, molecular recognition, and chirality, with the solution properties, processability, etc. of synthetic macromolecules, polymer chemists have started to develop the so-called bio-hybrid polymers. Bioconjugates are the most studied class of bio-hybrids.1 These are block copolymers in which a protein, polysaccharide or nucleotide is chemically linked to a synthetic polymer such as a polyolefin, polyether or polyester. In this type of structures, the constituent blocks maintain their individual properties, which make them, in many ways, similar to polymer mixtures. At odds with block copolymers, statistical copolymers do not exhibit the characteristics of polymer mixtures but behave like homogeneous materials with peculiar physical and chemical properties. Here we report the preparation of a new class of bio-hybrids in which, much like in statistical copolymers, an amino acid sequence is incorporated directly into the backbone chain of a polyolefin like polystyrene. The polymers are prepared by the radical ring-opening copolymerization2of a cyclic peptide containing the disulfide (S-S) bond and styrene. Cycles containing the S-S bond are known to undergo radical copolymerization with vinyl monomers such as methyl acrylate, vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile and styrene.3 The driving force behind the research is our interest in finding new, simple and industrially friendly ways to turn commodity polymers into specialty polymers with high added value. To our knowledge, the only examples of polyolefins containing amino acids in the backbone chain have been prepared by Wagener and co-workers by means of acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET)4 polymerization of dienes containing a single amino acid residue conducted in the presence of a ruthenium carbene catalyst.5 The approach we describe here is metal-free, enables the incorporation of sequences of amino acids and employs radical polymerization, a process with which more than 50% of all the polymers produced worldwide are made. Scheme 1. Radical copolymerization of styrene with the cyclic tripeptide cCLC. Styrene and the cyclic peptide S1,S3-cyclo(L-cysteinyl-L-leucyl-L-cysteine), from now on referred to as cCLC (or CLC when ring-opened), were chosen as model monomers. They were reacted with a molar ratio of 94:6 in dimethyl sulfoxide Table 1. Polymerization conditions, yield, number average molecular weight, polydispersity index, degradation temperatures, glass transition temperatures and CLC content of the copolymers. Copolymer P1 P2 Styrene/cCLC/AIBNa) 94/6/5 molar ratio 94/6/2 molar ratio Yieldb) 40 % 43 % c) 2,500 5,400 PDIc) 1.79 1.64 Tdeg1 198 °C 215 °C Tdeg2 417 °C 419 °C Tg 66 °C 54 °C CLC contentd) 6 mol% mol% 1M in DMSO. After precipitation in water and dialysis in MeOH. Determination by SEC in THF on the basis of polystyrene calibration. Determination by comparison of the integrated peaks in the 1H-NMR spectra of the isopropyl unit in CLC and the phenyl unit in polystyrene. (DMSO) at 70  ºC for 12h with two different amounts of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) affording the copolymers P1 and P2 (Scheme 1, Table 1). The copolymers were purified by precipitation in water and dialysis in methanol so as to remove, among the other possible impurities, unreacted cCLC and/or cCLC-derived by-products. The overall yield was equal to 40% for P1 and 43% for P2. When analysed by means of size exclusion chromatography (SEC), the copolymer P1, obtained by using a higher amount of AIBN, resulted to have a number average molecular weight () of 2,500 and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.79. On the other hand, P2, synthesized by using a smaller amount of AIBN, turned out to have a higher molecular weight () and a comparable PDI of 1.64 (Table 1). The SEC traces of both copolymers are shown in the Supporting Information (Figure S1). The signals in the 1H NMR spectra of P1 (Figure S2) and P2 (Figure 1A) could be assigned to both styrene and CLC units. On the one hand, the peaks at 0.87 ppm and 1.10 ppm, visible also in 1H NMR spectrum of unreacted cCLC (Figure S3), could be assigned to the iso-propyl residue of CLC. On the other hand, the two groups of peaks at 1.54 and 1.92 ppm, and at 6.55 and 7.05 ppm correspond to the aliphatic and the aromatic protons of polystyrene, respectively. The remaining proton signals of CLC could be assigned with a lower degree of confidence due to the overlapping signals of solvent and/or polystyrene. By comparing the area underneath the peak at 0.87 ppm relative to the iso-propyl group of CLC with the area underneath the peak around 7 ppm relative to the phenyl ring of styrene, it was calculated that the peptide makes up 6 mol% of copolymer P1 and 9 mol% of P2. A different degree of co-monomer incorporation is not odd if one considers that the composition, like other properties of a polymer, is function of the chain length up to a critical value that depends on the specific system. It is then reasonable to assume that such critical value for had not been reached in the present case. The topic has been extensively investigated and the interested reader is referred to the literature for details.6 In the diffusion-edited mode, in which the 1H NMR spectra were recorded applying a flow-compensated double-stimulated-echo with a gradient strength up to 40%,7 a similar set of signals were found for the styrene and CLC units (Figure 1B and S2). By exploiting the fact that the translational diffusion in solution is size-dependent, the diffusion-edited NMR is able to discriminate between signals relative to low and high molecular weight species.8 Since only the solvent signals disappeared, the NMR data are a strong indication that the peptide is incorporated into polystyrene rather than forming a physical blend with it. It is worth noting that the diffusion-edited NMR is not quantitative and thus the molar composition of the copolymers could be determined only from the conventional 1H-NMR spectra. The analysis by MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry9 substantiates these conclusions. A mass distribution (Figure 2) that accurately matches that of monocharged polystyrene chains each containing one CLC moiety and AIBN-derived isobutyronitrile groups as both ÃŽ ± and ω-chain ends was indeed obtained. Figure 1. 1H-NMR spectra of the copolymer P2 (A), 1H-diffusion edited 1H-NMR spectra of the copolymer P2 with gradient strength of 40% (B) in THF-d8, and the corresponding chemical structure (C). The results of all the other analytical techniques used to characterize the copolymers are in line with what found above. In the FT-IR spectra, for example, signals belonging to both styrene and amino acid moieties could be detected (Figure 3), which are: (i) the bands at 1735 cm-1 (carboxylic group) and 1654 cm-1 (amide group) of CLC, which are also present in the FT-IR spectrum of unreacted cCLC; and (ii) the signals of the aromatic carbon-carbon bonds (1492 and 1452 cm-1) and carbon-proton bond of the phenyl rings (736 and 696 cm-1) of Figure 2. MALDI FT-ICR spectrum of the copolymer P2 in the positive mode (A), the magnification of the spectrum in the mass range 4600 – 5000 with the comparison of the theoretical and observed m/z (B), and the corresponding chemical structure (C). polystyrene. Furthermore, two distinct mass losses, one around 200  ºC and the other at 417  ºC, can be seen in the thermogravimetric (TGA) traces of the copolymers P1 and P2 (Table 1). By direct comparison with the TGA of the constituting materials, which show a mass loss at 208  °C for unreacted cCLC and one at 418  °C for pristine polystyrene, the two steps observed in the TGA of both copolymers could be assigned to the degradation of the CLC and styrene units, respectively (Figure S4). The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram of P1 displayed a glass transition occurring around 66  ºC, which is identical to the glass transition temperature (Tg) of a polystyrene of prepared in our lab (66  ºC). Therefore, the amount of CLC incorporated in the polymer turned out to be too low to produce a measurable effect on the glass transition. In contrast, the amount of CLC in the copolymer P2 turned out to be sufficient to produce a change in the glass transition temp erature, which was measured to be 54  ºC (Table 1). This is significantly lower than Tg of polystyrenes with (75  ºC) and (89  ºC) prepared in our lab. The DSC scans of the two copolymers P1 and P2 in comparison with polystyrenes with similar molecular weight are shown in Figure S5. The relatively high Tg of polystyrene is classically rationalized in terms of a reduced chain flexibility due to the bulky phenyl groups that hinder the rotation of the backbone’s carbon-carbon bonds. We surmise that CLC increases the chain flexibility by acting as a spacer between the styrene units, which results in the lowering of the glass transition temperature. It is worth noting that the Tg and the of (atactic) polystyrene are positively correlated up to , after which the Tg reaches a stationary value of ca. 108  ºC.10 Hence, the use of polymers with similar molecular weights is essential for comparing, meaningfully, the glass transition temperatures. In absence of cCLC, the polymerization of styrene under the same experimental conditions afforded polymers with in 76% yield and in 73% yield for the Figure 3. FT-IR spectra of the cyclic tripeptide cCLC, the copolymer P2 and Polystyrene. lower and higher amounts of AIBN, respectively. In both cases, the molecular weights and reaction yields for pristine polystyrene were higher than those of the relative copolymers. This is not surprising since disulfides are known to act as chain transfer agents in and to produce a certain retardation effect on radical polymerization.3 When the polymerization was repeated omitting the styrene from the reaction mixture, no polymer was obtained. Hence, cCLC, like other cyclic disulfides,2 does not homopolymerize in the presence of a radical initiator. This control experiment suggests that the peptide should not be blockily distributed along the polymer chain. Moreover, the possibility that the copolymer could be alternating is ruled out by the fact that the degree of peptide incorporation is well below 50 mol%. It is therefore reasonable to assume that both P1 and P2 are statistical copolymers of styrene and CLC. Peptides like cCLC are peculiar in that they bear unbound amine and carboxyl groups while being cyclic. This makes them and their copolymers either cationic or anionic or zwitterionic depending on the pH. Charge-bearing polymers are often reported as bioactive, e.g., hemostatic11 and/or antimicrobial12. Consequently, the class of materials here described might show bioactivity without containing intrinsically bioactive, amino acid sequences. Furthermore, apart from the specific functionalities, the peptide is likely to confer improved degradability on the polyolefin. Experiments in both directions are presently ongoing and will be the subject of another publication. In conclusion, we have shown that a peptide sequence can be incorporated into the backbone chain of a polyolefin via radical polymerization. Styrene and a cyclic tripeptide containing the disulfide bond were chosen as model monomers. Although cyclic disulfides are known to ring-open via the homolytic cleavage of the S-S bond in the presence of certain radicals, the result reported in this work is not trivial since the efficiency of such a reaction depends significantly on the disulfide used. Investigations are presently underway in order to explore the monomer scope, in terms of both the olefin and the peptide, the bioactivity and degradability of the copolymers, as well as the possibility to extend the process to reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations13 such as ATRP14. The preparation of a whole new range of functional and degradable materials is anticipated. ASSOCIATED CONTENT Supporting Information Detailed experimental procedures as well as spectroscopic, thermal and chromatographic data. This material is available free of charge via the Internet at http://pubs.acs.org. REFERENCES 1.Lutz, J.-F.; Bà ¶rner, H. G., Modern trends in polymer bioconjugates design. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2008, 33 (1), 1-39. 2.Sanda, F.; Endo, T., Radical ring-opening polymerization. J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem. 2001, 39, 265–276. 3.(a) Stockmayer, W. H.; Howard, R. O.; Clarke, J. T., Copolymerization of vinyl acetate with a cyclic disulfide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75 (7), 1756-1757; (b) Tobolsky, A. V.; Baysal, B., The Reaction between styrene and ring disulfides: copolymerization effected by the chain transfer reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75 (7), 1757-1757; (c) Suzuki, T.; Nambu, Y.; Endo, T., Radical copolymerization of lipoamide with vinyl monomers. Macromolecules 1990, 23, 1579-1582. 4.Baughman, T. W.; Wagener, K. B., Recent advances in ADMET polymerization. Adv. Polym. Sci. 2005, 176, 1-42. 5.Hopkins, T. E.; Pawlow, J. H.; Koren, D. L.; Deters, K. S.; Solivan, S. M.; Davis, J. A.; Gomez, F. J.; Wagener, K. B., Chiral polyolefins bearing amino acids. Macromolecules 2001, 34, 7920-7922. 6.(a) Mirabella Jr, F. M.; Barrall Ii, E. M.; Jordan, E. F., Jr.; Johnson, J. F., Copolymer composition as a function of molecular weight and the effect of conversion on this relationship. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1976, 20 (3), 581-589; (b) Mirabella Jr, F. M.; Barrall Ii, E. M., Determination of copolymer composition as a function of molecular weight by preparative gel permeation chromatography and comparison to the rapid stop-and-go gpc/ir method. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1976, 20 (4), 959-965; (c) Mirabella Jr, F. M., Monte Carlo simulation of copolymerization and compositional inhomogeneity of copolymers: comparison to experimental data. Polymer 1977, 18 (7), 705-711. 7.Jerschow, A.; Mà ¼ller, N., Suppression of convection artifacts in stimulated-echo diffusion experiments. Double-stimulated-echo experiments. J. Magn. Reson. 1997, 125 (2), 372-375. 8.(a) Chen, A.; Wu, D.; Johnson, C. S., Determination of Molecular Weight Distributions for Polymers by Diffusion-Ordered NMR. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117 (30), 7965-7970; (b) Lucas, L. H.; Larive, C. K., Measuring ligand-protein binding using NMR diffusion experiments. Concept. Magn. Reson. A 2004, 20A (1), 24-41. 9.Zhang, L.-K.; Rempel, D.; Pramanik, B. N.; Gross, M. L., Accurate mass measurements by Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Mass Spec. Rev. 2005, 24 (2), 286-309. 10.Claudy, P.; Là ©toffà ©, J. M.; Camberlain, Y.; Pascault, J. P., Glass transition of polystyrene versus molecular weight. Polym. Bull. 1983, 9 (4-5), 208-215. 11.di Lena, F., Hemostatic polymers: The concept, state of the art and perspectives. J. Mater. Chem. B 2014, 2 (23), 3567-3577. 12.Muà ±oz-Bonilla, A.; Fernà ¡ndez-Garcà ­a, M., Polymeric materials with antimicrobial activity. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2012, 37 (2), 281-339. 13.Shipp, D. A., Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerizations. Polym. Rev. 2011, 51 (2), 99-103. 14.Matyjaszewski, K.; Tsarevsky, N. V., Macromolecular engineering by atom transfer radical polymerization. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136 (18), 6513-6533. ToC 1

Q. Tarantinos Use of Different Film Elements in Kill Bill and Pulp Fic

Q. Tarantino's Use of Different Film Elements in Kill Bill and Pulp Fiction Quentin Tarantino has used the lightning, colour, sound, camera, mise-en-scene, iconography, speed of editing and special effects in Kill Bill and Pulp Fiction to make the audience want to carry on watching. These film elements have been used very effectively by the director in the openings of both films to build audience interest. The first aspect – lightning was very helpful in building interest in Kill Bill. The opening scene of Kill Bill is in black and white. It was originally coloured but the critics have decided that the blood which appears in this scene is too offensive and have censored it. The best way to make the blood ‘less visible’ without remaking the beginning of the film was to use black and white. It has a dramatic and disturbing effect on the audience because of the negative atmosphere the scene gets them into – the audience feels danger, suspense. In the opening scene lightning has been used to characterise the woman. The light is natural; it comes from the windows in the church where the scene is set. The woman’s face is half lit but the other half is black. This was probably shown to symbolise her two sides: good and bad. It gives the audience an insight into the woman’s character – it tells them that she does have an evil side. At this point the audience might have a good reason to keep on watching – to find out those two sides of the woman they have just met. The first scene of Kill Bill confronts the audience’s idea on what wedding should look like. The woman, which is heavily beaten up is wearing... ... it interesting, full of iconography, dynamic effects, original sound etc. the director built himself a great tool for keeping the audience until the whole plot is justified. A non-linear plot is also ‘unique’ to films directed by Quentin Tarantino, by whom this style has been developed. If I was Quentin Tarantino, I would call my new film ‘Contradiction’. I think that it would fit the ‘Tarantino style’ of things in the wrong order. It links with the theme of paradox, for example one thing denies another, but that other thing seems true. The same can be spotted in Tarantino films – the end is at the beginning and the beginning at the end, so what is the beginning and what is the end in reality? Although the narrative is non-linear, in Tarantino’s films there is always a clear key, consequence that justifies the plot.

An Evaluation of the Work of Jan Svankmajer :: essays research papers

An Evaluation of the Work of Jan Svankmajer Jan Svankmajer is an animator like no other that I know of. Surrealist in style, his artistic work encompasses a broad range of mediums- film, sculpture, painting, graphic design, prose and poetry. His filmic work often involves a combination of animation, puppetry and live action- a challenging style for any filmmaker to use effectively. Svankmajer films are by trademark dark and macabre tales, told not for the sake of aesthetic or technique, but always to serve a very personal purpose, which I will talk about shortly. In this essay, I will deal mainly with the work that Svankmajer created as an animator. To put it in context, however, I will first give a rough overview of his background and the work for which he is best known. Svankmajer was born in Czechoslovakia in 1934. His parents were both artistically inclined; his father was a window dresser while his mother was a dressmaker. After studying puppet theatre for four years in Prague, Svankmajer began his career as a director, designer and puppeteer at the State Puppet Theatre in Liberec. During the Early 1960s he collaborated with several different theatre companies in Prague to stage a variety of plays. In 1964 his interests turned to filmmaking. In this medium he felt that more would be possible technically, and that his work would reach a wider audience. After creating various award-winning short films like The Last Trick, his work underwent a decisive transition from Mannerism to Surrealism in 1968. As a surrealist Svankmajer would create many highly acclaimed films involving animation and live action. Svankmajer’s work became surrounded by political controversy with the making of the film Antonio’s Diary (1972). The film was not intended to have political meaning, but the Czech authorities banned him from making films for seven years simply because it contained unauthorised footage depicting everyday Czech life. Dimensions of Dialogue (1982) became his best-known short, and won several international awards. Like Antonio’s Diary, however, it was banned in Czechoslovakia, and was also shown to the ideology commission of the Central Committee of the Czechoslovak Communist Party as an example of the kind of film that should not be made. Alice (1985-87), based on the book by Lewis Carol, was Svankmajer’s first feature film, and his first to reach an American audience. Since then he has made two more feature-length films: Faust (1993) and Conspirators of Pleasure (1996).

The Poems of Richard Wilbur :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Poems of Richard Wilbur Richard Wilbur's New and Collected Poems is full of poems that cover a huge multitude of subjects. The four poems this assignment covers represent that variety, with the topics including love, juggling, grace and music. Wilbur's poems take experiences and ideas (even a juggler) and through his mastery of the English language force the reader to take another look at what his preconceptions are. His poems allow for many different interpretations, and this paper will take a different angle to some of his works. "Love Calls Us to the Things of This World" sets up, in the first stanza, the feeling that something otherworldly is going to be in the picture. "The morning air is all awash with angels" brings in the image (or concept) of heaven, which Wilbur refers to again later in the poem. In the 2nd stanza, again the concept of not-of-this-world is brought into play with the mention of the halcyon, which is a mythical bird. One literary device that Wilbur seems to draw upon heavily in this poem is the use of oxymorons, contradictory terms together. The angels are rising together in "calm swells." When I think of swells, calm is not necessarily the word that comes to mind. He also states that the angels are "flying in place...moving/ And staying like white water." Flying implies movement, so "flying in place" is not a phrase that is commonly heard. Later in the poem he uses the term bitter love, and while I understand that this concept does in fact exist, it is still two words which are somewha t contradictory. In the last stanza he mentions the "heaviest nuns" trying hard to keep their "difficult balance." This reminded me of that concept of funambilism that we discussed in class. This work seems to utilize the idea of balance (indirectly) in many aspects. The use of the contradictory terms that I discussed earlier could be thought of as balancing each other out. This poem overall was very well put together, with sentences that caught your attention, and my favorite sentence was "The soul shrinks/ From all that it is about to remember." "Juggler" was probably the most elegant of the poems that were assigned. The other two discussed the concepts of love and grace, but "Juggler" made juggling a very beautiful act. I must state that the fact that I'm able to juggle probably had some influence on my understanding of this poem.

Marketing: Strategic Innovation in Globally Diverse Markets Essay

Personalized marketing (sometimes referred to as one-to-one marketing) is the marketer attempt to provide the customer individual attention through a variation of methods. Personalized marketing is a strategic approach which involves tailoring products differently for each and every consumer while retaining the principles of mass production. One-to-one marketing is attributable to two converging phenomena: the interactive flow of information made possible by robots and just-in-time inventory (Lampel & Mintzer, 1996, p. 1). In order for a company to be effective in personalized marketing, the company must be able to gather information on the target individual. Today, with the power of technology this is a widespread practice on the Internet. The Internet provides a medium to make one-on-one personalization practical for a variety of firms (Schibsted, 2001). For example, a web page may establish cookies and track the buying habits of the customer. Based on the customer buying habits, advertisements are geared towards that individual. An example of personalized marketing is something I witness on a regular bases, but did not realize it was referred to as personalized marketing. I consistently purchase items through Amazon. com, in which I typically purchase books. Amazon. com routinely sends me emails, informing me of sales or populates my home page with advertisements relating to certain categories of books I typically purchase. As pointed out by Vesanen, (2007), developments in information and communication technologies have opened up new opportunities to collect and analyze data and implement personalized marketing (p. 09). In today’s market there is an increase in customer satisfaction. In order for businesses to succeed and be competitive they must be in tune to the customer needs and wants. Marketing to the individual customer can be profitable to the company as long as the method of gathering the data and establishing personalization is not complex. As studied by Goldsmith & Frieden (2004), data warehouses allow companies to store trillions of bytes of consumer information. Computer controlled factory equipment , and industrial robots can quickly readjust assembly lines. Bar code scanners make it possible to track parts and products. The Internet ties it all together and makes it easy for a company to interact with customers, learn about their preferences, and respond. Personalize marketing can benefit some companies; however it would be much more difficult for a store to personalized catalogs, pamphlets, or fliers for each of its customers, by proposing deals, rebates and reductions based on the customers shopping habits. Not only would it be difficult, but it would not be cost effective for a company to engage in this type of personalization. Personalization can take many forms, from the customization of Web sites to the customization of products. Whatever the extent of it, it is an expensive and time-consuming activity. While Amazon is the leader in this type of customization, few others are succeeding (Goldsmith & Frieden). Dynamic Pricing Dynamic pricing is broadly defined as the buying and selling of goods and services in markets where prices are free to adjust in response to supply and demand conditions at the individual transaction level (Garbarino & Lee, 2003, p. 495). From a business point of view, dynamic pricing is a profitable concept in personalized marketing. For example, a customer may go to a car dealer and do not see the car they would like on the lot. Therefore, a car is ordered with exact specifications and because of the specialty requirements the price of the car increases, making the transaction profitable for the business. Dynamic pricing enables the business to increase the price on an item; strengthen customers’ allegiance, along with enhancing customer satisfaction. Carroll & Coastes (1999) state that economics define price discrimination as the practice of charging multiple prices for the same good where the difference in price is based on a difference in demand rather than cost. There are three degrees of pricing models commonly used in the retail marketplace: * First-degree price discrimination – different prices are charged based on what the buyer is willing to pay * Second-degree price discrimination – offers a variety of pricing options * Third-degree price discrimination – market-segmentation pricing (Garbarino & Lee, p. 498). From a business stand point, first-degree price discrimination is more profitable because it obtains the maximum value of the item. However, from a consumer stand point second-degree price discrimination can offer more value to the customer. It allows customers to choose the pricing option that will work for them, based on their desires and requirements. Online Retailers versus Offline Retailers The materialization of online retailers is compelling retailers to reassess their business practices and the use of technology. Integrating online and offline channels are very much on the minds of retailers, and it is forcing them to understand how to manage relationships across multiple channels. Retailers need to understand who their customers are, understand their behavior, and execute seamlessly across those channels (Beasty, 2006). Online retailing is the fastest growing channel in which consumers purchase products. Integrating online retailing with offline retailing comes with numerous problems. The consumer may see a product in the store for one price and see that same item online at a different price. Retailers compete nationally and locally on prices and products. Someone in Florida may not want to purchase the same products as someone in Washington D. C. or you may have a retailer located in California, but the company’s web site can be accessed by anyone that can utilize the web. According to study by Beasty, (2006), you mainly see this problem when consumer purchasing is based primarily on price. For example, a PlayStation is a PlayStation no matter where you purchase it, but saving $20 makes a big difference to customers. Another example is a few years ago Circuit City gave one price online, another price in their ad, and a different price in the store, all for the same item, without any explanation as to why (para. 6). This leaves the consumer frustrated, confused and a lack of understanding. Francis, (2007) studies states that one size does not fit all in the Internet retailing marketplace. The author categorized Internet retailing as follows: * Offline goods – items such as, books, groceries, and CDs are purchased and the consumer disengage from the web site and wait for their order to be delivered * Offline services – consumer pay for or book services, such as, travel, event tickets, and hotels online than travel to an offline service deliver location * Electronic-goods – the consumer purchase and download their products, such as software, MP3s, and digital books directly from a website; and * Electronic Services – the consumer purchase, co-produce, and consume the core service, such as banking, brokerage, chat/dating services via a web site. Online retailers must recognize the difference variations in online shopping and ensure customers’ requirements are effectively and properly addressed. Traditional methods of advertising include billboards, TV commercials, radio ads and posters. Companies still use the traditional methods of advertising , but they use the Internet to their advantage by incorporating new advertising with traditional advertising. The habits of today’s consumer dictate the method of advertising for a company to stay competitive. The invention of the TV digital video recorders (DVRs) and the consumer fast-forwarding through commercials makes TV advertising less effective in today’s marketplace. To remain relevant and competitive companies have a multitude of different formats of online advertising, such as banner ads, pop-up ads, floating ads, streaming sidebar ads, pull banner ads, and text ads, just to name a few. In addition, many companies ask you to â€Å"like† their link, in which the company’s page is now on your Facebook or Twitter page. This enables Facebook or Twitter to determine your shopping habits, and you can visit a company’s site right from you social media page. Offline stores has responded to the competition of online retailers by sending out a variety of advertisements, such as direct-mail flyers, catalogs, television, via mobile phones, and the Internet. In addition, offline stores have responded by increasing their presence on the web as well as creating appealing experience within the offline store. Today, many offline stores are dominating the online market with their presence. Even though, online shoppers experience a delay in receiving their product, online stores are continuously improving the delivery turnaround time. In addition, most online stores do not charge taxes, include free shipping, and offer free returns or exchanges. However, some online companies may charge a low-price for an item, but compensate by charging higher prices for shipping and handling. Nevertheless, most online stores are growing faster than offline store. The expansion of the Internet has increased the variety of pricing models available, for example: * Per-user model – involves either a flat fee per user or a tiered fee structure based on the level of use * Per-transaction model – a rate structure is developed to account for different automated processes or functions * Percentage-of-revenue model – is like the per-transaction model in that the monthly fee will fluctuate as the level of activity changes; it differs, however, in that the model is tied to the amount of revenue the user generates each month * Fixed-fee model – a lump-sum monthly fee that covers products and services specified in the contract. Fixed-fee pricing models typically appeal to organizations that want costs to be predictable (Turisco, 2000). The online retailer has to determine which pricing model fits their needs and which pricing model will benefit the company financially and satisfy the consumer. In addition, the company must also consider their overhead and their anticipated growth. Globalization Influence and Marketing Trends Even though, globalization has brought benefits between nations, it has also brought universal problems between nations. According to Kearney, (2003), â€Å"September 11 was a gruesome vindication of the argument that global integration had widened the gap between the haves and have-nots†. The author further argues â€Å"that the persistence of al Quada underscores how hard it is for governments to stamp out stateless, decentralized networks that move freely, quickly, and stealthily across national borders to engage in terror†. Marketers need to recognize the pros and cons of globalization, utilize the benefits, and do not become submerse with complex situations that come with globalization. Authors Reddy & Vyas (2004) reviewed 10 pros and cons associated with globalization from a marketing perspective. The pros included: economic growth, rapid technology transfer, more countries becoming democracies, the rapid spread of free enterprise system, unification of culture, living norms, and work ethic, increased communication through the Internet and other media, instant news worldwide, worldwide improvement of health and living conditions, people living longer, and multinational corporations. The cons included: increased unemployment in developed countries, increased trade deficit in developed countries, terrorism, loss of competitiveness in developed nations, poorer nations feel taken advantage of by advanced nations, increased economic gap between the rich and poor nations, some countries feel their norms and religious practices are violated, comparisons with rich nations make poorer nations unhappy, increased pollution through manufacturing and transport worldwide, the spread of Aids, West Nile virus, and various kinds of flu and other diseases. Globalization is regarded with much criticism, however, globalization will continue. There may be some containment of rapidity because of tightening of the borders, demands for intellectual property protection, setting up firewalls for Internet communication, but the movement continues (Reddy & Vyas, 2004, p. 169). Firms and governments that are aware of the positives and negatives involved with globalization will be able to develop a better approach towards globalization. Influence of Online Today’s technology has changed communication and the way marketers get their message out to the consumer. The rapid diffusion of multipurpose smart phones, broadband and wireless Internet connections, and ad-skipping DVRs have eroded the effectiveness of the mass media (Kotler & Keller, 2012, p. 476). Marketers were able to reach consumers via three television channels 80% of the time in the 60s. Today, marketers would have to run the same information on at least 100 channels to get the same results. Marketers are using technology to reach a broader audience, but at the same time consumers are using technology to fight back. Consumers feel they are receiving numerous ads that have no bearing on their lives. Internet users are taking advantage of new software to block spam and pop-up ads (Nunes & Merrihue, 2007) and telemarketers are being stopped by caller ID and the â€Å"Do not call registry† to prevent disruptions at home. Marketers are answering back by applying alternative solutions. Per Nunes & Merrihue (2007), there are four strategies available to companies that want to reach broad groups of people without breaking their marketing budget. * Bottlenecks – places where people cannot help being stopped, such as subway, elevators, airplanes, or bathroom * Trojan horse approach – placing advertisements on frequently encountered materials, such as coffee cups and pay stubs * Get the attention of consumers at play outside their homes – placing advertisements on adult play thing, such as a golf cart * Extends the third strategy – seeks to get people to play along, using interactive technology in public spaces (p. 64). These types of tactics can target a broad range of consumers with various forms of advertisement that cannot be turned off. The Internet has affected retailers approach to advertising and promoting their products or services. It is vital for companies to develop an effective brand to gain competitive advantage in the marketplace. The Internet opens up opportunity for the consumer to provide feedback regarding products and services, which has a significant impact on the retailer, whether the feedback is positive or negative. The Internet also allows the retailer to be more creative based on feedback from the consumer in a number of online communities. The communication channels to the consumer have expanded in number as well as complexity with the global expansion of the Internet and related information technology based products and services. Information technology has dramatically changed how consumers process (or avoid) information delivered by marketing professionals and has eroded the effectiveness of media advertising. The reason for this erosion is due to fragmentation of retail audiences caused by the introduction enhanced media sources such as cable television, blogs, video-on-demand, webcasting, video games, websites, digital video recorders, and multi-functional communication devices (cell phones). The result of these technological and media advancements creates a shift in bargaining power give consumers choices about how, when, and where they consume information (SCH Management Consultants, 2011). The evolution of the Internet has altered the way the consumer and the marketer relate to one another and also how the consumer purchase products and services. The consumer today is more educated, more income at their disposal, and have multiple ways to obtain information; therefore the Internet cannot be disregarded by the retailer. According to SCH Management Consultants, (2011) retailers seeking to expand their brand into the online environment will need to invest in the online experience, as part of a multichannel strategy, to reinforce and complement the in-store experience. For example, if customer service is a key differentiator in a retail store, then the experience should be replicated by providing interactive help, rich media (video) demonstrations, and product comparisons. Consumers will demand the ability to order online and retrieve/return the product at the supplier’s storefront or other distribution points. The retailer that understands the art of engaging with the customer via the Internet has a better chance of appropriately marketing their products to the consumer and establishing a lasting relationship.